Person Results

Switch back to the old search page.Advanced Search

Showing 81 - 90 of 210Results Per Page: 10 20 50

Nicolaus Selneccer

1530 - 1592 Person Name: Nicolaus Selnecker Hymnal Number: 196 Author of "Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Selnecker, Nicolaus, D.D., son of Georg Selnecker (Selneccer, Schellenecker, who was protonotarius to the Nürnberg magistracy, but lived at Hersbruck near Nürnberg) was born at Hersbruck Dec. 5, 1532. In 1536 he was removed to Nürnberg, and became during his school time, when only twelve years old, organist at the chapel in the Kaiserburg there. He went to the university of Wittenberg in 1550 (where he became a favourite pupil of Melanchthon), graduated M.A. on July 31, 1554, and subsequently lectured as a privat-docent, sometimes to 200 students. In the end of 1557 he was appointed second court preacher at Dresden, and tutor to the heir apparent Prince Alexander, having also to supervise the education of the choirboys of the royal chapel. He was ordained at Wittenberg Jan. 6, 1558. The principal theologians at the Saxon court at that time were inclined to follow Melanchthon's lead and to approximate to Calvin's teachings regarding Consubstantiation. When therefore Selnecker thought it his duty openly to declare his adhesion to strict Lutheranism, he found his position almost untenable. When Martin Hoffmann of the Neustadt church in Dresden preached against the Elector August's passion for game preserving, Selnecker took Hoffmann's part. His enemies took advantage of this, and managed so that after Hoffmann had been expelled from Dresden, in August, 1564, Selnecker was requested to seek work elsewhere. He preached his farewell sermon at Dresden on March 15, 1565, and on the 26th he entered on his new office of Professor of Theology at Jena. After the siege of Gotha, Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxony recalled Wigand and other professors of Theology who had been expelled from Jena, in 1561, as adherents of Flaeius; and Selnecker, not being so extreme a Lutheran as they, had to leave Jena. Thereupon the Elector August again received him into favour, appointed him professor of Theology at Leipzig, and also pastor of St. Thomas's church and Superintendent of Leipzig. He entered on his duties at Leipzig in August 1568, and for some time worked quietly and successfully. In July 1570 the Elector acceded to the request of Duke Julius of Brunswick for Selnecker's services, and gave Selnecker leave of absence to go to Wolfenbüttel as court preacher and general superintendent. Here he succeeded in inducing the clergy to receive the so-called Saxon Confession, and persevered in zealous visitations of churches, schools, &c. After 1572 he resided at Gandersheim, took an interest in the Gymnasium there, &c. In 1573 he also visited, and drew up a book of Church Order and Discipline for the district of Oldenburg-Jever. But in Brunswick, what with Martin Chemnitz the Superintendent of Brunswick, who was a High Lutheran, the Duke who wished for peace, and the other General Superintendent at Wolfenbüttel, Selnecker found it a difficult matter to work comfortably, and was himself accused of Crypto-Calvinism. He therefore gladly accepted the Elector August's recall to Leipzig, and began to lecture there again in Feb. 1574. In 1576 he was once more appointed pastor of St. Thomas's Church, and Superintendent. At Leipzig the sacramental controversy broke out afresh, and Selnecker became deeply involved therein, lie was then engaged in drawing up the Formula of Concord (meant to unite the Lutherans, but to exclude the Romanists on one hand, and the Calvinists on the other), which was finally revised on May 29, and published on July 22, 1577. The Formula of Concord was so far a success that it was very largely subscribed, but at the same time its authors, and specially Selnecker, were subjected to the most violent abuse both from the High Lutherans and from the Galvinists, so much so that he called 1579 his "year of patience and silence." For a few years immediately thereafter his life was a more peaceful one, and he found time to devote to poetry and music. At this time he assisted greatly in the building up of the famous Motett Choir of St. Thomas's Church, which J. S. Bach afterwards conducted. But on the death of the Elector August in 1586 the real direction of affairs passed into the hands of Dr. Nicolaus Crell, Chancellor to the Elector Christian I., and under his rule the Lutheran clergy were gradually displaced by Melanchthonians and Crypto-Calvinists. When the new court preacher Salmuth began to issue a German Bible with notes in which he clearly taught Calvinism and impugned the Formula of Concord, Selnecker published a pamphlet in opposition, and was in consequence deprived of his offices on May 17, 1589. For a time he stayed on in his own house in Leipzig, and used his pen in controversy. But after haying received, on Oct. 22, notice to cease writing, he thought it prudent to leave Leipzig, He found many sympathisers, and after a short time spent in Halle and then in Magdeburg, he accepted the appointment of Superintendent at Hildesheim. Here he had many anxious and weighty matters to settle, and was finally called on, in 1591, to arbitrate in matters of dispute at Augsburg. Returning from Augsburg in stormy December weather, and being worn out and seriously ill, he reached Hildesheim half dead, and was confined to his room till April. Meantime the Elector Christian I. had suddenly died, and his widow, after deposing the Chancellor Crell, proceeded to recall those whom Crell had banished. Selnecker, spite of his weakness, welcomed the idea of returning to Leipzig, left Hildesheim on May 9, and reached Leipzig on May 19; but only to die. He died at Leipzig, May 24, 1592. Seluecker, as we have seen, was a prominent figure in the ecclesiastical history of Germany in the latter half of the sixteenth century, and a good illustration of the extremes to which theological controversies were then carried. He was the author of some 175 theological and controversial works, in German and Latin, perhaps the most important being his Institutio Religionis Christianae, Frankfurt, 1572-73. He also ranks, with Helmbold and Ringwaldt, among the most important hymnwriters of the period. Amid the manifold changes and chances of his life he found inspiration and consolation in the study of and recourse to the Psalter, and in his love of music. In Latin verse he published a Scriptural play on the Fall of our First Parents, entitled Theophiania, &c, Wittenberg, 1560 [Brit. Mus.], and a version of the Psalms as Paraphrasis Psalterii, Heinrichstadt, 1573…His German hymns partake for the most part of the objective churchly character of the hymns of the Reformation period, and indeed contain many reminiscences of them. Of the rest, many only too faithfully mirror the misfortunes and changes and conflicts of his life, and are full of personal matter and careless in style. Still there remain not a few worthy of note, in which a genuine piety, a deep and fervent love to the Saviour, and a zeal for the best interests of His Church on earth, are expressed in clear, flowing and musical style. The hymns by Selnecker which have passed into English are:— i. Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ. Peace and Orthodoxy. It has sometimes been said of this hymn that st. i., ii. are by Selnecker, and that the rest are a later addition. The opposite however is the case. The full form appeared in theGeistliche Psalmen, &c, Nürnberg, 1611, p. 597, in 9 stanzas, viz.:— 1. Ach bleib bey uns, Herr Jesu Christ. 2. In diser schweren betrübten Zeit. 3. Herr Jesu, hilff, dein Kirch erhalt. 4. Erhalt unns nun bey deinem Wort. 5. Ach Gott es geht gar libel zu. 6. Den stoltzen Geistern wehre doch. 7. Die Sach und Ehr, Herr Jesu Christ. 8. Dein Wort ist unsers Hertzens Trutz. 9. Gib dass wir leben in deim Wort. The text of 1611 is in H. Thiele's ed. of Selnecker's Geistliche Lieder, 1855, p. 31, and in the Berlin Geistliche Lieder, ed. 1863, No. 408. The translations in common use from this text:— 1. Lord Jesus with Thy children stay. This is a tr. of st. 1, 2, 8, 6, 9, 3 by J. Swertner in the Moravian Hymn Book 1789, No. 6 (1886, No. 6). 2. Ah Jesu Christ, with us abide. This is a good tr. of st. 1-5, 9, by Dr. Kennedy as No. 41 in his Hymnologia Christiana 1863, repeated in Holy Song, 1869. 3. Lord Jesu Christ, with us abide, For round us fall, &c. By Miss Winkworth, of st. 1, 2, in her Chorale Book for England. 4. Forsake us not, 0 Lord be near. Other trs. are-—(1) Abide with us, O Jesu dear," as No. 336, in pt. i. of the Moravian Hymn Book, 1754. (2) "Lord Jesu Christ, with us abide, 'Tis now." By H. J. Buckoll, 1842, p. 69. (3) "With us, Lord Jesus Christ, abide." By Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 61. ii. Christus der wahre Gottes Sohn. Holy Baptism. Translated as:— Now Christ, the very Son of God. iii. Hilf, Herr, mein Gott, in dieser Noth. Cross and Consolatio. In hisChristliche Psalmen, 1587, in 15 lines entitled "Anno 1565. God knows why." It was probably written during his last months at Dresden. It has indeed been said to have been written to comfort Martin Hoffmann, diaconus of the Holy Cross Church at Dresden, on his expulsion after preaching about the Elector August's passion for hunting and game preserving; but the hymn is dated 1565, and Hoffmann left Dresden in August, 1564. The form translated into English is:— Hilf, Helffer, hilf in Angst und Noth. The translations are:— 1. My Helper, aid: Thy mercy show. By A. T. Russell, in full, as No. 223 in his Psalms and Hymns. 1851. 2. Help, Saviour! help, in fear and need By E. Cronenwett, in full, as No. 410 in the OhioLutheran Hymnal 1880. 3. Help, Jesus, help! in woe, in need. By Miss Manington in her Footprints of the Holy Dead, &c, 1863, p. 8. iv. Lass mich dein sein und bleiben. Close of Service. This is a beautiful stanza of 8 lines which is very frequently used in Germany at the close of Divine service. It was written as his daily prayer . The translations are:— 1. Let me be Thine for ever, My gracious. This is a tr. of st. i.-iii. by Dr. M. Loy as No. 230 in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal, 1880. 2. Make me Thine own and keep me Thine. By Miss Winkworth in her Christian Singers of Germany, 1869, p. 152. v. 0 Herre Gott, in meiner Noth. For the Dying. Founded on Ps. cxvi. 9. Translated as:—- 0 Lord my God, I cry to Thee. This is a good and full tr. by Miss Winkworth in her Lyra Germanica 2nd Ser. 1858, p. 212, and her Chorale Book for England, 1863, No. 192. vi. Wir danken dir, Herr Jesu Christ, Dass du gen Himmel gefahren bist. Ascension. The translation in common use is:— We thank Thee, Jesus! dearest Friend, that Thou didst. Other trs. are—- (1) “Lord Jesus Christ! we thank Thee now." This is No. 334, in pt. i., of the Moravian Hymn Book, 1754. (2) "To Thee, our Lord, all praise be given." vii. Wir danken dir, o treuer Gott. Absolution. Translated as:— O Faithful God, thanks be to Thee. By C. H. L. Schnette, in full, as No. 246 in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal 1880. [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] --Excerpts from John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Christoph Christian Sturm

1740 - 1786 Person Name: Chr. Sturm Hymnal Number: 18 Author of "Nie bist du, Höchster, von uns fern" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Sturm, Christoph Christian, son of Johann Jakob Sturm, lawyer (Imperial notary) at Augsburg, was born at Augsburg, Jan. 25, 1740. He studied at tlie universities of Jena (M.A. 1761) and Halle. He was then appointed, in 1762, as one of the masters in the Paedagogium at Halle, and in 1765 became Conrector of the school at Sorau, in Brandenburg. In 1767 he returned to Halle as fourth pastor of the Market Church, and became third pastor in the same year. He left Halle in 1769, to become second pastor of the church of the Holy Spirit at Magdeburg, where he passed the happiest part of his professional life, and where he wrote most of his devotional works. Finally, in 1778, he was appointed chief pastor of St. Peter's Church at Hamburg. Here he at first lived happily, beloved and respected as a preacher and author, until, in 1782, his views on the Salvation of the Heathen led J. M. Goetze, chief pastor of St. Katherine's Church in Hamburg, to accuse him of nationalism, &c. The resulting controversy embittered and shortened Sturm's life. In his latter years he suffered from a weak chest; and in the night of Aug. 10-11, 1786, he was seized with an attack of spitting of blood, from which he never recovered. He died at Hamburg, on Aug. 26, 1786 (Koch, vi., 357; Bode, p. 158, &c). Sturm is best known to English readers by his devotional works, which were for some time very popular, viz., his "Conferences with God in the Morning Hours " (Unterhaltungen mit Gott in der Morgenstunden, &c, Halle, 1768), and his "Reflections on the Works of God" (Betrachtungen über die Werke Gotte, &c, Halle, 1772-76). He was one of the most prolific hymnwriters of the Rationalistic period, being the author of more than 400 hymns. His productions are less dreary than most of the time, and are not without earnestness, devoutness, and lyric power; but they are often too rhetorical, and not sufficiently simple. They found great favour with the compilers of hymnbooks from 1765 to 1845, but not many of them are retained in later collections. His specialities were hymns on the Works of God in Nature, and hymns for Children. We need only note the following:—(1) Der Christ am Sonntage, Halle & Leipzig, 1764-65 [Hamburg Library]. This was a weekly paper, which contained 88 hymns by Sturm. (2) Sammlung geistlicher Gesänge über die Werke Gottes in der Natur, Halle, 1775 [British Museum and Wemigerode Library]. Over 40 of the hymns are originals by Sturm. (3) Volständiges Gesangbuch für Kinder, Halle, 1777 [Hamburg Library]. More than 60 hymns seem to have been written by Sturm for this work. (4) Predigtentwürfe, Hamburg, 1779-86 [British Museum]. An eight years' course of sermon outlines on the Gospels for Sundays and Festivals; with over 80 hymns by Sturm, some being recasts from other authors. (5) Lieder und Kirchengesängen, Hamburg, 1780 [Royal Library, Hannover]. With 54 hymns, many being recasts of his earlier hymns, made by himself or by J. S. Diterich. (6) Gesangbuch für Gartenfreunde und Liebhaber der Natur, Hamburg, 1781 [Hamburg Library]. More than 60 of the hymns seem to have been written by Sturm for this work. The hymns by Sturm which have passed into English are:— i. Auferstanden, auferstanden, Ist der Herr, der tins versöhnt. Easter. In his Predigtentwürfe, vol. iii., 1781, p. 144, in 5 stanzas of 8 lines. ii. Dank, Dank, sey dir für dein Erbarmen. iii. Ein Pilgrim bin ich in der Welt. Christian Pilgrimage. In his Christ am Sonntage, vol. ii., p. 359 (number for Sunday, Nov. 18, 1764), in 7 stanzas of 7 lines, entitled "The Consolation of Eternity." Translation as "I'm but a weary pilgrim here." By Dr. H. Mills, 1845, p. 168. iv. Gott, wenn mein Aug', der Welt entrückt. For the Dying. In his Christ am Sonntage, vol. iii., p. 30 (at the end of a meditation in a churchyard on the Last Judgment, for Sunday Dec. 9, 1764), in 5 st. of 12 lines. This form is repeated by Sturm, in 1780, as above, p. 18, and has been translation as "Dear Saviour, while I here am blest." By Dr. H. Mills, 1845, p. 131. v. Heut öffhet sich die neue Bahn. New Year. In his Predigtentwürfe, vol. vi., 1784, p. 40, in 4 stanzas of 7 lines, given for New Year's Day, 1784. The translations are:— (1) "Life's course must recommence today." By Miss Cox, 1841, p. 49. (2) "I now commence a separate stage." By Lady E. Fortescue, 1843, p. 18. vi. Schmal ist der Weg, auf welchem Christen gehen. Christian Pilgrimage. In his Christ am Sonntage, vol. i., p. 130 (for Sunday, Jan. 22, 1764), in 9 stanzas of 4 lines, entitled, "The Way to Heaven." vii. Wenn der Erde Gründe beben. Second Advent. In his Lieder und Kirchengesänge, 1780, p. 73, in 5 st. of 5 lines., entitled, "The Day of the World's Judgment” and beginning. "Wamn der Erde." In the Württemberg Gesang-Buch, 1791, No. 363. Translation as "When the solid earth is quaking." By C. W. Shields, in Sacred Lyrics from the German, Philadelphia 1859, p. 215. [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] -- Excerpts from John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Paulus Speratus

1484 - 1554 Person Name: Paul Speratus Hymnal Number: 273 Author of "Es ist das Heil uns kommen her" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Speratus, Paulus, D.D., was born in Swabia, Dec. 13, 1484. In a poem, written circa 1516, on Dr. J. Eck, he calls himself Elephangius, i.e. of Ellwangen; and in his correspondence, preserved at Königsberg, he often styles himself "a Rutilis" or "von Rötlen." These facts would seem to indicate that he was born at the castle of Röthlen, near Ellwangen. This property belonged to the Probst of the ecclesiastical corporation at Ellwangen, and Speratus's father was probably their bailiff or agent. The family name seems to have been Hoffer or Offer, and to have been in later years, following a practice common in the 16th cent., Latinized by himself into Speratus. He is probably the "Paul Offer de Ellwangen," who matri¬culated at the University of Freiburg (Baden) in l503. He is also said to have studied at Paris, and at some of the Italian universities. In 1518 we find him settled as a preacher at Dinkelsbühl, in Bavaria. In the end of that year he was invited to become preacher in the cathedral at Würzburg. He went to Würzburg in Feb. 1519, but his preaching was much too evangelical for the new bishop, and he had to leave, apparently in the beginning of 1520. Proceeding to Salzburg he preached for sometime in the cathedral, until the archbishop there also would not tolerate his pronounced opinions. He left Salzburg in the autumn of 1520, and went to Vienna, where he appears to have graduated D.D. at the University. He was already married (probably as early as 1519), and was one of the first priests who had dared to take this step. After a violent sermon against marriage, delivered by a monk in St. Peter's church, at Vienna, the governor of Lower Austria (Count Leonhard von Zech) asked Speratus to make a reply. With the consent of the bishop he did so, and preached, on Jan. 12, 1522, a sermon in the cathedral (St. Stephen's), founded on the Epistle for the 1st Sunday after the Epiphany, in which he expressed his opinions very freely regarding the monastic life and enforced celibacy, and also clearly set forth the doctrine of Justification by Faith. This sermon (published at Königsberg in 1524) made a great impression, and was condemned by the Theological Faculty at Vienna, who also prevented Speratus from accepting an invitation to become preacher at Ofen, near Vienna. On his way from Vienna to the north he stayed at Iglau in Moravia, where the abbot of the Dominican monastery appointed him as preacher. Here the people became greatly enamoured of him and of the Reformation doctrines,and stood firmly by him, notwithstanding the remonstrances and threats of the king, and of the bishop of Olmütz. In the summer of 1523 king Ludwig came to Olmütz and summoned Speratus to him. Without even the form of a trial he put him in prison, but after three months he released him, probably through the influence of his queen (Maria of Hungary), and of his cousin, the Margrave Albrecht of Brandenburg, but on the condition of his leaving Iglau and Moravia. In the end of 1523 Speratus came to Wittenberg, where he worked with Luther, and assisted him in the preparation of the first Lutheran hymn book (the Etlich cristlich lider. It contained 4 German hymns by Luther, 3 by Speratus, and 1 anonymous German hymn). Luther then recommended him to the Margrave Albrecht, and about May 1524 the Margrave appointed him as court preacher at Königsberg. Here he had also charge of the Altstadt church till Graumann came into residence, in Oct. 1525. He seems to have had the principal share in drawing up the Liturgy and Canons (Kirchenordnung or "Book of Church Order") for the Prussian church, which was presented to the Diet in December 1525, and printed in 1526. On March 31, 1526, he was chosen as the clerical commissioner to visit the parishes of Prussia and see that the new arrangements were carried out; and in the end of 1529 he was appointed Lutheran bishop of Pomesania, with his residence at Marienwerder. Here he remained until his death on Aug. 12, 1551. Speratus was the author of various works, hut was best known as the Reformer of Prussia. Feeling that for the working of ordinary parishes it was necessary to have pastors who had been brought up in Prussia, and could preach, if need be, in Polish or Lettish, he gladly welcomed the foundation at Königsberg (1544) of the first Prussian university. Among other important events affecting his administration may be mentioned the Visitations of 1528, of 1538, and especially that which lasted from Dec. 15, 1542, to the middle of February 1543; the Synods of 1529 (the Synodical Constitutions were pub. in 1530), of 1530, and of 1531; the new Kirchenordnung of 1544; and the welcome he extended, in 1548, to the exiled Bohemian Brethren who settled iu Prussia. As a hymn writer Speratus is principally known by the three hymns published in the Etlich cristlich lider, 1524. He also published (no place or date but Königsberg, 1527), in 1527, a version of Ps. xxvii., beginning, " Erzurn dich nicht, sei nicht neidisch;" and a Hymn of Thanksgiving, to be used after the sermon, beginning, "Gelobet sei Gott, unser Gott." These five are all that can be confidently ascribed to him. Of the five hymns mentioned above two have passed into English, viz.:— i. Es ist das Heil uns kommen her. Law and Gospel. This, his most famous hymn, is founded on Rom. iii. 28. It was probably written in the autumn of 1523, either during his imprisonment at Olmütz, or else during his stay at Wittenberg. Included as one of the 8 hymns in the Etlich cristlich lider1524, dated 1523, and entitled, “A hymn of Law and Faith, powerfully furnished with God's Word. Doctor Paul Speratus." Lauxmann, in Koch, viii. 236, calls it "the true confessional hymn of the Reformation, or, as Albert Knapp puts it, 'the poetical counterpart of Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans.'" He relates many instances of the effects it produced. It is a Scriptural ballad, setting forth, in what was, for the time, excellent verse, the characteristic teachings of the German Reformers; and is indeed of considerable historical importance. But for present day use it is too long, somewhat harsh in style, and too much a compend of doctrinal theology. The only version we have found in English common use is:— To us salvation now is come. In full by Dr. H. Mills, in his Horae Germanicae, 1845, p. 44. Other translations are:— (1) "Now is our health come from above." By Bishop Coverdale, 1539 (Remains. (2) "Our whole Salvation doth depend." By J. C. Jacobi, 1725, p. 23. (3) "Now comes salvation from above." By Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 79. (4) "Salva¬tion hath come down to us." By Miss Winkworth, 1869, p. 123. ii. In Gott gelaub ich, dass er hat aus nich.The Apostles' Creed. This is a free version, in 9 stanzas of 19 lines. First published in the Etlich cristlich lider, 1524. It was included in V. Babst's Gesang-Buch, 1545, and many others, but on account of its length and its unusual metre it has not found a place in recent hymnals. It is translated as "In God I trust, for so I must." By Bishop Coverdale, 1539. (Remain, 1846, p. 547.) [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] --Excerpts from John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Friedrich Adolph Lampe

1683 - 1729 Hymnal Number: 114 Author of "Mein Fels hat überwunden" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Lampe, Friedrich Adolf, D.D., son of Heinrich Lampe, pastor of the Reformed church at Detmold, was born at Detmold, apparently Feb. 18, and was certainly baptized there Feb. 19, 1683. He remained at Detmold till the death of his grandfather (General-Superintendent Zeller) in 1691, and then joined his widowed moiher at Bremen. He entered the Lyceum (Academic Gymnasium) at Bremen, in 1698; and in 1702 went to the University of Franeker in Holland. After a short residence at the University of Utrecht he became, in 1703, pastor of the Reformed church at Weeze, near Cleve; in 1706 at Duisburg; and in 1709 second pastor of St. Stephen's Church in Bremen, where in 1719 he became pastor primarius. In 1720 he was appointed German preacher and professor of dogmatics at the University of Utrecht (the degree of D.D. being also conferred on him); and in 1726 professor of Church History and Rector of the University. After a severe illness in the winter of 1726-27 he resigned in June, 1727, and returned to Bremen as third pastor of St. Ansgar's Church and professor at the Lyceum. He died at Bremen, Dec. 8, 1729. (Allg. Deutsche Biog., xvii. 579; F. A. Lampe Sein Leben und seine Theologie. By Dr. Otto Thelemann, 1868, &c). Lampe was the most important theologian that had appeared in the German Reformed Church since the Reformation period. He was the great exponent of the Federal or Covenant theology in his Geheimniss des Gnadenbundes, 1712 if.; the author of a well-known commentary on St. John's Gospel, 1724-26; of various catechetical works, &c. As a hymn-writer Lampe is not so important; but yet ranks as one of the best writers in the Reformed Church. His hymns are Scriptural, and characterised by glowing piety, deep spiritual insight, firm faith, and play of fancy; but are often somewhat obscure and involved, and not seldom very lengthy. Nine first appeared in his Balsam aus Gilead, Bremen, 1713, and the rest principally in his Bündlein XXV. Gottseliger Gesange, Bremen, 1723 [Royal Library, Berlin], and later editions. The edition of 1731 (XXX. Geistliche Lieder, &c.) contains also an appendix of 13 hymns from his manuscript. Comparatively few of Lampe's hymns are in modern German common use. Those which have passed into English are:— i. Mein Leben ist ein Pilgrimstand. For Travellers. 1723, No. 10, p. 39, in 8 St., entitled "Travelling Thoughts." In the Berlin Geistliche Liedersegen, edition 1863. Translated as, "My life is but a pilgrim-stand," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (1856, p. 150). ii. 0 Fels des Heils am Kreuzesstamm. Holy Communion. 1723, No. 5, p. 21, in 12 stanzas of 5 lines entitled "Devotional Hymn at Holy Communion." In Dr. J. P. Lange's Kirchenliederbuch, 1843, st. xii. is omitted, and it begins "O Fels des Heils, O Gotteslamm." The translation in common use is:— O healing Rock, O Lamb of God. A translation of stanzas i.-iii., v., xii., by Dr. R. Maguire, in his Melodies of the Fatherland, 1883, p. 107. Repeated, omitting stanza iii., in R. Gault's Hymn Book for Church of England, 1886. iii. 0 Liebesgluth, wie toll ich dich. Love to Christ. Founded on St. John iii. 16. 1723, No. 19, p. 50, in 6 stanzas. Previously in his Geheimniss des Gnadenbundes, pt. iv., vol. ii., 2nd ed., Bremen, 1721, p. 1086. In Bunsen's Versuch, 1833, omitting stanzas ii., iv. Translated as: (1) "O Fire of Love, what earthly words," by Mrs. Bevan, 1858, p. 61. (2) "O wondrous love of Christ! how bright," by Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 75. iv. So ist von meiner kurzen Pilgrimschaft. New Year. 1723, No. 24, p. 69, in 16 stanzas. The form translation is that in the Berlin Gesang-Buch, 1829, No. 424, altered, and beginning "Wie schnell verstrich, O Herr voll Mild und Huld." Translated as, "How swift, O Lord, most kind, most bountiful," by J. L. Frothingham, 1870, p. 255. [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] --John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Johann Samuel Diterich

1721 - 1797 Person Name: Johann Samuel Dietrich Hymnal Number: 33 Author of "Fürwahr, du bist, o Gott, verborgen" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Diterich, Johann Samuel, eldest son of A. M. Diterich, pastor of St. Mary's Church, Berlin, was born at Berlin, Dec. 15, 1721. After studying at the Universities of Frankfurt a. Oder, and Halle, he was for some time a private tutor in Berlin. He was, in 1748, appointed diaconus of St. Mary's Church in Berlin, and regimental chaplain, becoming, in 1751, archidiaconus, and, in 1754, pastor of St. Mary's. In 1763 he was appointed private Chaplain to the Queen, and in 1770 a member of the Supreme Consistory. He died at Berlin, Jan. 14, 1797 (Koch, vi. 228-231; Allg. Deutsche Biog., v. 258-259). His hymns appeared in the following works:— (1) Lieder für den offentlichen Gottesdienst Berlin, 1765, with 23G hymns, edited by himself and his col¬leagues in Stanzas Mary's Church. Designed as a supplement to Porst's Gesang-Buch of 1713. (2) Gesangbuch zum (foltesdienstlichen Gebrauch in den Königlich-Preus-sischen Landen, Berlin, 1780, with 447 hymns principally edited by himself. (3) Gesangbuch für die häusliche Andacht. Berlin, 1787, with 421 hymns, principally of recent date. None of these books give names of authors. Diterich seems to have contributed about 100 hymns either original or entirely recast, besides rewriting portions of many others. He distinguished himself as a leader in the unhappy process of “modernising" and "improving" the older German hymns, by which they were reduced to 18th cent. "correctness," and had all the life polished out of them. His 1765 collection formed the model of many wretched hymn-books, and his influence is even seen in such recent collections as the Hamburg Gesang-Buch 1842, the Nassau Gesang-Buch, 1844, and the Gesang-Buch für die evang. Landeskirche im Grossherzogtum Sachsen, Weimar, 1883. A number of the recasts from the older hymns which appear under Diterich's name are noted in this Dictionary under the names of their original authors. The following may be regarded as practically original:— i. Schon ist der Tag von Gott bestimmt. [Second Advent.] 1765, as above, No. 129, in 8 stanzas of 7 lines. Included as No. 390 in the Nassau Gesang-Buch, 1844. The only translation in common use is:— The trumpet sounds! the day is come! A full and good translation in Dr. H. Mills's Horae Germanica, 1845 (ed. 1856, p. 332). Dr. Hatfield included stanzas i., iv., vi., vii., altered, in his Church Hymn Book, 1872. The following, although not in English common use, are available for hymnological purposes :— ii. Auf Erden Wahrheit auszubreiten. Christ's Ministry. 1787, as above, No. 79, in 10 stanzas. Translated by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (ed. 1856, p. 283), as "That men to truth might not be strangers." iii. Auf! Jesu Jünger! freuet euch! Ascension. 1765, as above, No. 79, in 12 stanzas, and is based on E. Alber's hymn "Nun freut euch Gottes Kinder all" (q. v.). Two forms have been translated (1) “Auf, Christen, auf und freuet euch," in the Berlin Gesang-Buch, 1780, No. 114; tr. as "Rejoice, ye saints, your fears be gone," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (ed. 1856, p. 324); and (2) "Ihr Jünger Jesu, freuet euch," in the Trier Gesang-Buch. (R. C), 1846, p. 94. Tr. as "Rejoice, ye saints, in glad accord," by Dr. R. F. Littledale, in Lyra Messianica, 1864, p. 371. iv. Herr, meiner Seele grossen Werth. Greatness of the Soul. 1765, as above, No. 195, in 9 stanzas. Translated by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (ed. 1856, p. 30), as “Lord, on the soul's enduring worth." v. Mein Heiland lebt. Er hat die Macht. Resurrection of the Dead. 1765, as above, No. 123, in 8 stanzas. Translated by Miss Manington, 1863,p. 75, "My Saviour lives, and He the might." vi. O Jesu, wahrer Frömmigkeit. Jesus our Example. Seems to have been suggested by J. J. Rambach's "Du wesentliches Ebenbild " in his Haus Gesang-Buch, 1735, No. 84. First published 1789, as above, No. 59, in 8 stanzas. Translated by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (ed. 1856, p. 285), as "Jesus, of what we should approve." [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] -- John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Johann Mathesius

1504 - 1565 Person Name: Joh. Mathesius Hymnal Number: 427 Author of "Aus meines Herzens Grunde" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Mathesius, Johannes, son of Wolfgang Mathesius, town councillor at Rochlitz, was born at Rochlitz, June 24, 1504. He studied for a short time at the University of Ingolstadt. Thereafter he acted as family tutor at Odelzhausen, near Munich, where, in 1526, he found Luther's Von den guten Werken (Wittenberg, 1523); and then while living at Bruck (Fürstenfeld-bruck), near Munich, read two of Luther's tractates on the Holy Communion. Attracted thus to Wittenberg he matriculated there May 30, 1529, studied with great zeal and graduated M.A. in 1530. In the end of 1530 he joined the staff of the school at Altenburg, and in the spring of 1532 was appointed rector of the gymnasium at Joachimsthal in Bohemia. He resigned this post in 1540, and returned to Wittenberg to complete his studies in theology. Thereafter he was, in 1541, appointed diaconus, and, in 1545, pastor at Joachimsthal. While preaching on the Gospel for the 16th Sunday after Trinity, Oct. 7, 1565 (his subject being the "Son of the widow of Nain, and the hope of eternal life"), he was struck with paralysis, and, being carried to his house, died there some three hours later (Koch, i. 380, ii. 475; Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie, ix. 398, &c). Mathesius was of most lovable and charitable spirit, and a model pastor, who thoroughly adapted himself to his life among a mining population. He was a distinguished preacher, his sermons ranking among the best of the period, the most famous being those in his Sarepta oder Bergpostill, Nürnberg, 1562, founded on those passages of Scripture referring to metallurgy or mining, the title being suggested by Sarepta or Zarephath. (1 Kings xvii. 9), the Hebrew name meaning smelting-place. Besides other volumes of sermons aud devotional works he also published a life of Luther (Historian von .. . Doctoris Martini Luthers Anfang, Lehr, Leben und Sterben, Nürnberg, 1566) completed just before his death, and with a preface dated Oct. 5, 1565. His hymns are few in number, and appeared scattered in his various publications. Wackernagel, iii. pp. 1150-1161, gives 21 pieces, of which 15 may be called hymns; and 15 of these pieces with a memoir by K. F. Ledderhose appeared at Halle in 1855. The finest of all his hymns, the beautiful cradle song, "Nun schlaf mein liebes Kindelein" [Wackernagel iii. p. 1152, from a Nürnberg broadsheet (not dated), c. 1560, in 15 st. of 4 1.; and in the Berlin Geistliche Lieder ed., 1863, No. 1416] does not seem to have been translated into English. Those of Mathesius's hymns which have passed into English are:— i. Aus meines Herzens Grunde. Morning. This has generally, though apparently without ground, been ascribed to Mathesius, and is included in the 1855 edition of his Geistliche Lieder, p. 149. But it is not found in any of his original works now extant, nor in the collected edition of his Schöne geistliche Lieder, Nürnberg, 1580; and the ascription to him has not been traced earlier than in M. Pratorius's Musae Sioniae, 1610. Wackernagel, v. pp. 177-184, gives 8 forms varing from 6 to 15 st. (some beginning "Von meines Herzens Grunde"); the oldest, in 7 st. of 8 1., being from a Gesangbüchlein published at Hamburg in 1592. He ranks it as anonymous. The text of 1592 is No. 440 in the Unverfälschter Liedersegen, 1851. The hymn was a great favourite with Gustavus Adolphus, and was often sung by his army at morning prayer. The translations from the text of 1592, are :— 1. My heart its incense burning. In full, by Dr. H. Mills, in his Horae Germanica, 1856, p. 220, repeated, abridged, in M. W. Stryker's Christian Chorals, 1885, reading "her incense." 2. My inmost heart now raises. A good translation omitting st. iv., v., by Miss Winkworth, in her Chorale Book for England, 1863, No. 164. 3. My heart with deep emotion. Omitting st. iii., v. by E. Cronenwett as No. 294 in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal, 1880. Other translations are:— (1) "O let Thy angels always dwell" (st. v.). As No. 325 in pt. i. of the Moravian Hymn Book, 1754. (2) "May Jesus' grace and blessing" (st. iii. 11. 1, 2; vii. 11. 4-8). By F. W. Foster, as No. 749 in the Moravian Hymn Book, 1789 (1886, No. 1167). (3) "O God, my heart is full of praise." By Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 59. ii. Gott Vater, Sohn, heiliger Geist, Durchs Sprechen gut Erz wachsen heisst. Miner's Song. First published as Ein geistlich Bercklied, 1556, and thence in Wackernagel, iii. p. 1151, in 9 st. Translated as "O, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, Thou God, dost fix the miner's post." By Miss Winkworth, 1869, p. 144. [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] -- John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Leopold Franz Friedrich Lehr

1709 - 1744 Person Name: Leopold F. F. Lehr Hymnal Number: 272 Author of "Mein Heiland nimmt die Sünder an" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Lehr, Leopold Franz Friedrich, son of Johann Jakob Lehr, Hofrath at Cronenburg (Cronberg, Kronberg), near Frankfurt-am-Main, was born at Cronenburg, Sept. 3, 1709, and entered the University of Jena in 1729, In 1730 he went to Halle to study under J. J. Rambach and G. A. Francke; and here he also acted as tutor to the children of J. A. Freylinghausen, and conducted devotional meetings at the Orphanage. In July 1731 he became a tutor at Cöthen (Köthen) to the princesses of Anhalt-Cöthen, and held this post till 1740, when he was appointed diaconus of the Lutheran church at Cöthen. While on a visit to his father-in-law at Magdeburg he was seized with fever, and died there, Jan. 26, 1744. (Koch, vi. 446, &c.) Lehr's hymns are full of love to Christ and of the wonders of the redeeming grace of God. They are allied to those of Allendorf (q.v.), and were also mostly contributed to the Cöthnische Lieder (p. 50, ii.). of which he was joint editor. In 1757 they were edited along with his other poetical works as his Himlisches Vergnügen in Gott und Christo, Halle, 1757. [Wernigerode Library] by Samuel Helmich, then court preacher at Glückstadt, Holstein, who had married Lehr's widow. Those which have passed into English are:— i. Mein Heiland nimmt die Sünder an. Lent, or The Friend of Sinners. Written in 1731 or 1732 as a companion to the hymn "Jesus nimmt die Sünder an" [see Neumeister]. First published in the Einige geistreiche Lieder, Cöthen, 1733, No. 9, in 11 stanzas of 10 lines, entitled "Luke xv. 2. This Jesus receiveth sinners and eateth with them." Included in J. J. Rambach's Haus Gesang-Buch 1735, No. 264, the Berlin Geistlicher Lieder Schatz, ed. 1863, No. 114, &c. The translations are:— (1) "My Saviour sinners doth receive, Whom with sin's." This is No. 217 in the Moravian Hymn Book, 1789. In the ed. of 1886, No. 258 begins with st. viii., "Come, all that heavy laden are." (2.) "My Saviour sinners doth receive, Whom under burden," by Dr. John Ker in the United Presbyterian Juvenile Missionary Magazine, May, 1858. ii. So hab' ich nun den Pels erreichet. The Rock of Ages. 1733 as above, No. 4, in 6 stanzas of 10 lines, entitled " Is. xxvi. 4. The Lord is a rock for ever " (so Luther's version). In Rambach's Haus Gesang-Buch, 1735, No. 303, and the Berlin Geistlicher Lieder Schatz. ed. 1863. The translations are:— (1) "I now have found the Rock of Ages," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (1856, p. 84). (2) "I have at last attained the Rock," by Mitt Warner, 1869, p. 34. iii. Was hinket ihr, betrogne Seelen. Confirmation. An exhortation to true and whole-hearted earnestness, founded on 1 Kings xviii. 21. 1733 as above, No. 1, in 12 stanzas of 6 lines, and the refrain "Hindurch." In J. J. Rambach's Haus Gesang-Buch, 1735, No. 338, and the Unverfälschter Liedersegen 1851, No. 345. Translated as:— “Why haltest thus, deluded heart," by Miss Winkworth, 1855, p. 142 (1856, p. 143, beginning "Why halt thus, O deluded heart"). [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] --John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Andreas Gryphius

1616 - 1664 Person Name: A. Gryphius Hymnal Number: 162 Author of "Erhalt uns deine Lehre" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Gryphius, Andreas, was born Oct. 2, 1616, at Gross-Glogau, in Silesia. He was educated at the School at Fraustadt, Silesia, 1631-34, and the Gymnasium at Danzig, 1634-36. After being for some time family tutor in the house of Baron Georg von Schönborn, near Fraustadt (who crowned him as a poet in 1637), he was forced by the Counter Reformation in Silesia to find refuge in Holland. He matriculated as a student at Leyden in 1638, and was afterwards till 1643 University Lecturer. Thereafter he accompanied the son of a rich Stettin burgess and two Pomeranian noblemen in a tour through France, Italy, Holland, and South Germany, and then, in the end of 1647, settled in Fraustadt. In 1650 he was appointed syndicus of the principality of Glogau, and while attending one of the meetings of the diet at Glogau, was struck by paralysis and died in the assembly house, July 16, 1664. Gryphius ranks as one of the principal poets of Silesia. The troublous events of his life, however, cast a gloom over most that he wrote, and his hymns especially are sombre in character. He was the first writer of German tragedies (Leo the Armenian; The Murdered Majesty; or, Charles Stuart of Great Britain, &c.) and one of the earliest writers of German comedy (Herr Peter Squenz; Horribilicribrifax; Die geliebte Domrose, an excellent little comedy in Silesian dialect, &c). Gryphius had begun writing sonnets about 1637, and his Son-und Feyrtage Sonnete were published at Leyden, 1639 [Berlin]; followed by his Sonnete, Erste Buch, 1643 [Berlin]. The first (pirated) edition of his collected poems appeared as his Teutsche Reimgedichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1650 [Berlin], and the first authorised edition as his Teutscher Gedichte, Erster Theil, Breslau, 1657 [Berlin], Those translated into English are:— i. Als der betrübte Tag zu Ende kommen. Entombment of Christ. No. 19 in Book iv. of his Odes (1657, p. 40), in 13 st. Translated as, "When that so troublous day was now concluded," as No. 167 in pt. i. of the Moravian Hymn Book, 1754. ii. Die Herrlichkeit der Erden. For the Dying. His best hymn. No. 9 in Book i. of his Odes (1650, p. 99; not in 1643), in 15 st., entitled "Vanitas! vanitatum vanitas." The translations are: (1) "Earth's boasted joys and splendour," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845. (2) "All glories of this earth decay” by Miss Winkworth, 1369, p. 177. iii. In meiner ersten Blüth. God is near. No. 36 in Book iv. of his Sonnets (1657, p. 116; not in 1643), entitled "Andreas Gryphius on his Sunday and Festival Sonnetts." Translated as, "In life's fair Spring," by Miss Winkworth, 1869, p. 179. iv. Je mehr wir Jahre zählen. New Year. No. 9 in Book iii. of his Odes (1657, p. 79), in 8 st. Translated as, "So many years of living," by N. L. Frothingham, 1870, p. 181 (from the recast "Wie viel wir"), in the Berlin Gesang-Buch, 1829, No. 835. Another hymn has been frequently ascribed to Andreas Gryphius, but we have failed to find it either in his works or in the works of Christian Grypbius. It is:— v. Es ist vollbracht! Gottlob es ist vollbracht. For the Dying. In the Vollständiges Hauss- und Kirchen Gesang-Buch, 9th ed., Breslau, 1726, No. 304, in 7 st. The translations are: (1) "It is finished! finished! yea," by Miss Dunn, 1857, p. 119. (2) "It is complete. My God, I thank Thy care," by G. Moultrie, in his Espousals of Saint Dorothea, 1870, p. 65. -- John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Christian Keimann

1607 - 1662 Hymnal Number: 304 Author of "Meinen Jesum laß ich nicht" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Keimann, Christian, son of Zacharias Keimann, Lutheran pastor at Pankratz, in Bohemia, and after 1616 at Ober-Ullersdorf, was born at Pankratz, Feb. 27, 1607. In the autumn of 1627 he entered the University of Wittenberg, where he graduated M.A., March 19, 1634; and in the next month was appointed by the Town Council of Zittau as Conrector of their Gymnasium, of which he became Rector in 1638. He died at Zittau, Jan. 13, 1662 (Koch, iii. 369; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie xv. 535, &c). Keimann was a distinguished teacher. He was the author of a number of scholastic publications, of a few Scriptural plays, and of some 13 hymns. Almost all of his hymns came into church use. They take high rank among those of the 17th century, being of genuine poetic ring, fresh, strong, full of faith under manifold and heavy trials, and deeply spiritual. Two have passed into English:— i. Freuet euch, ihr Christen alle. Christmas. This beautiful hymn is included in 4 stanzas of 10 1. as No. 24 in pt. iv. of A. Hammerschmidt's Musikalische Andachten, published at Freiberg in Saxony, 1646; and is set to a tune by Hammerschmidt introduced by Hallelujah repeated twelve times. In the Unverfälschter Liedersegen, 1851, No. 34. According to Koch, viii. 25, it was composed as part of a piece written by Keimann for his scholars to perform at Christmastide, 1645, and published as Der neugeborne Jesus, at Görlitz, 1646. Stanza iv. may refer to the truce of 1645 between Saxony and Sweden. Translated as:— 0 rejoice, ye Christians, loudly. A good and full translation by Miss Winkworth, as No. 33 in her Chorale Book for England, 1863, where it is set to the original melody. ii. Meinen Jesum lass ich nicht; Weil er sich fur mien gegeben. Love to Christ. First appeared in A. Hammerschmidt's Fest- Bus- und Dancklieder, Zittau and Leipzig, 1658 (engraved title, 1659), pt. iii., No. 4, in 6 stanzas of 6 lines. It is an acrostic on the dying words uttered on Oct. 8, 1656, by the Elector Johann Georg I. of Saxony: Meinen (i.), Jesum (ii.), lass (iii.) ich (iv.) nicht (v.); st. vi. giving in the initial letters of lines 1-5 (J. G. C. Z. S.) the name, viz. Johann Georg Churfürst zu Sachsen, and then in line 6 the motto in full. Founded on the words of Jacob in Gen. xxxii. 26, it has comforted and strengthened many in life and at the hour of death; and has served as the model of many later hymns. Included as No. 131 in the Berlin Geistliche Lieder, ed. 1863. Translated as:— I will leave my Jesus never! A good translation, omitting st. iii., included as No. 448 in the Pennsylvania Lutheran Church Book, 1868, marked as Unknown translator, 1864. Other translations are:—(1) "Never will I part with Christ," by J. C. Jacobi, 1722, p. 80 (1732, p. 132), and thence in the Moravian Hymn Book, 1754 (1886 as pt. of No. 452 altered, and beginning, "Jesus will I never leave"). (2) "I will not let Jesus go," by J. S. Stallybrass in the Tonic Solfa Reporter, Dec. 1860. (3) "Jesus will I ne'er forsake," by E. Massie, 1867, p. 117. (4) "My Redeemer quit I not," by N. L. Frothingham, 1870, P, 185. [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] -- John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg

1772 - 1801 Person Name: Fr. Ludw. v. Hardenberg (Novalis), 1772-1801 Hymnal Number: 320 Author of "Wenn alle untreu werden" in Evangelisches Gesangbuch Pseudonym: Novalis. See also Novalis, 1772-1801 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hardenberg, Georg Friedrich Philipp von, was son of Baron Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus von Hardenberg, director of the Saxon Saltworks at Weissenfels. He was born May 2, 1772, at his father's estate of Widerstedt or Ober-Wiederstäd, near Eisleben. In the autumn of 1790 he entered the University of Jena, then went to Leipzig, and finally to Wittenberg. After concluding his studies, he went, in the end of 1794, to Tennstädt, near Erfurt, in order to learn administrative business under Kreisamtmann Just. In the autumn of 1797 he entered the School of Mines at Freiberg in Saxony, and in the autumn of 1799 went to Artern, at the foot of the Kyffhäuser-Berg, to be employed in the saltworks there. Soon after he began to spit blood, and while on a visit to Dresden the news of the sudden death of a younger brother, in Nov. 1800, brought on a hemorrhage which destroyed all hopes of his recovery. In January, 1801, he was removed to the house of his parents at Weissenfels, and died there March 25, 1801. (Koch, vii. 4-9; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, x. 562-570; Blätter für Hymnologie, 1884, 3-6, &c.) Hardenberg's various writings appeared under the name of Novalis (apparently taken from the name of one of the family estates), which he first adopted in his Blüthenstaub, published in the Athenæum, Brunswick, 1798; and it is as Novalis that he is best known. He was one of the leaders of the Romantic School which arose in Germany in the last years of the 18th century, and of which his friends F. and A. W. Schlegel, Fouque and Tieck are the best known members. It is, however, by his hymns that he will probably best be remembered. They arose in the time of deep sorrow into which he was cast on the death of his betrothed Sophie von Kühn, when his thoughts turned to the faith of his childhood (his father and mother were Moravians, and his early education was imparted by a Moravian pastor); and when from the barren religiosity of the latter days of Illumination his soul found its strength and solace in loving surrender to the Person of our Blessed Lord. His hymns, 15 in all, are distinguished by beauty of rhythm and lyric grace. While some have been included in recent German hymn-books (e.g. Nos. ii.-iv. in the Berlin Gesang-buch, 1829, through the influence of F. Schleiermacher), yet for Church use they are too subjective, and in some cases even too sentimental. They must be regarded as beautiful and deeply spiritual poems, rather than as hymns suited for public worship. Some of them are not altogether free from Pantheistic tendencies. The Marienlieder (i.e. the hymns to the B. V. M.) were not intended by himself to be published among his hymns, but were meant to be inserted in his unfinished romance of Heinrich von Ofterdingen, as hymns of pilgrims to the shrine of the B. V. M. at Loretto in Italy. Seven of his hymns were sent, on Jan. 20, 1800, to P. Schlegel for publication in the Athenæum. They did not however appear till in the Musenalmanach für das Jahr, 1802, published at Tübingen, 1802. The rest of his hymns were published in his Schriften, Berlin, 1807. A handy little edition of his Gedichte, with a critical and biographical sketch by W. Beyschlag, appeared in 1869 (2nd ed. 1877). Since the publication of T. Carlyle's Essay on Novalis in 1829, numerous "Studies" have appeared in English and American reviews and magazines; and some of these may contain translations not noted below. Hardenberg's hymns, all of which have been rendered into English, are as follows :— I. Hymns in English common use:-- i. Ich sag' es jedem, das er lebt. Easter. In his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 143, in 8 st. of 4 l. Repeated in the Württemberg Gesang-buch, 1842, No. 165. Translated as :-— I say to all men, far and near, in full, by Miss Winkworth in her Lyra Germanica, 2nd Ser., 1858, p. 40. In full in Kennedy, 1863 ; and in varying centos in America in the Dutch Reformed Hymns of the Church, 1869; Baptist Praise Book, 1871; Hymns & Songs of Praise, N. Y., 1874, &c. Other translations are: (1) "I say to every one, He lives," by Helen Lowe, in her Zareefa, 1844, p. 166. (2) "To every one I say," by Dr. J. F. Hurst, in his translation of K. R. Hagenbach's History of the Church 18 and 19 centuries, N. Y., 1869, vol. ii. p. 283. (3) "I say to each man that He lives," by M. E. Bramston, in theDay of Rest, 1875, p. 69. (4) "He lives! He's risen from the dead," by Dr. G. Macdonald, in his Exotics, 1876, p. 22. [The hymn "He lives! He lives! let joy again," by Sir John Bowring, in J. R. Beard's Collection, 1837, No. 145, seems based on this German.] ii. Was wär ich ohne dich gewesen. The Love of Christ. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 189, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 123, in 10 st. of 8 1. Included in various German hymn-books, and is No. 1562 in the Berlin Geistliche Lieder, ed. 1863. It is said that shortly after the death of Novalis his father was present at a Moravian service at Herrnhut during which this hymn was sung. When he asked who was the author of this wonderfully beautiful hymn, he was greatly moved on receiving the reply, "Your son." And then in a moment it became clear to him that the Christ who had been the Crown and Star of his heart ever since his youth, was also his son's Saviour and Deliverer, though he had sought and found Him by a different way. The translations in common use are :— 1. What had I been if Thou wert not, a free translation of st. i.-iii., viii., v., by Miss Winkworth, in her Lyra Germanica, 1st Ser., 1855, p. 96. Centos from this are:— (1) Lord! when Thou mak'st Thy presence felt (st. iii.) in the Swedenborgian Collection, 1880. (2) Thou strong ana loving God in man (st. iv.), in Hymns of the Spirit, Boston, U.S., 1864. (3) Thou strong and loving Son of Man (st. iv.), in H. L. Hastings's Hymnal, Boston, U.S., 1880. 2. Without Thee, Lord, what had we been, a paraphrase or transfusion in 3 st. of 8 1., by Dr. W. L. Alexander, written about 1830, but first published in the second edition, 1858, of his Selection of Hymns, No. 323. Other translations are: (1) "What might I not have been without Thee," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 216. (2) "What without Thee, would I have been," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (1856, p. 78). (3) "Without Thee, what were I worth being", by Dr. G. Macdonald, in Good Words, 1871, p. 846. Thence (as “Without Thee what were all my being"), in his Exotics, 1876, p. 3. iii. Wenn alle untreu werden. Love to Christ. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 200, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 136, in 4 st. of 8 1. Included in the Berlin Gesangbuch, 1829 ; the Berlin Geistliche Lieder, ed. 1863, No. 1563, &c. Translated as:— Though all the world forsake Thee, a free translation, in 6 st. of 4 1., by J. S. Stallybrass, as No. 417 in Curwen's Sabbath Hymnbook, 1859. Other translations are: (1) Tho' all men faith had banished," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 222; and thence in Lyra Eucharistica, 1864, p. 100. (2) "Though all to Thee were faithless," by Miss Winkworth, 1855, p. 165. (3) Though all were faithless to Thee," by M. E. Bramston, in the Day of Rest, 1875, p. 68. (4) "My faith to Thee I break not," by Dr. G. Macdonald, in his Exotics, 1876, p. 15. iv. Wenn ich Ihn nur habe. Jesus only. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 199, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 134, in 5 st. of 6 1. In various recent German hymnbooks, as the Württemberg Gesang-buch, 1842, the Berlin Geistliche Lieder, ed. 1863, No. 1564, &c. Translated as:— If I Him but have, by Dr. G. Macdonald, as No. 172 in the Manchester Sunday School Hymnbook, 1855 (see Bubier), and in his own Exotics, 1876, p. 13. Other translations are: (1) "If I have only Him," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 221, repeated in Lyra Messianica, 1864, p. 207. (2) "Oh! could my soul possess His love,” by Miss Fry, 1845, p. 114. (3) “If I only have Thee,” by Dr. G. W. Bethune, in his Lays of Love and Faith, 1847, p. 139. (4) "If only He is mine," by Miss Borthwick, in Hymns from the Land of Luther, 1855, p. 54. (5) "If I have Christ, and Christ be mine," by Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 52. (6) “If I trust in God alone," by Frederica M. Rowan, in her Meditations on Death and Eternity, 1862, p. 88. II. Hymns not in English common use: -- v. Es giebt so bange Zeiten. The Unchanging. Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 145, in 7 st. The translations are: (1) "How dark the seasons lour," by Helen Lowe, in her Zareefa, 1844, p. 164. (2) “There are dark hours of sadness," by Madame L. Davésiés de Pontès, in her Poets and Poetry of Germany, 1858, ii. p. 408. (3) “There be such dreary seasons," by M. E. Bramston, in the Day of Rest, 1875, p. 55. (4) "The times are all so wretched," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 24. vi. Fern im Osten wird es helle. Christmas. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 193, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 128, in 6 st. The translations are: (1) "Afar the Eastern sky is glowing," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 218, and Lyra Messianica, 1864, p. 87. (2) "Dawn, far Eastward on the mountain," by Dr. G. Macdonald, in Good Words, 1872, p. 216, and his Exotics, 1876, p. 7. vii. Ich sehe dich in tausend Bildern. B. Y. M. Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 157, in 8 1. Translated as: (1) "In many a form I see thee oft," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 229. (2) "In countless pictures I behold thee," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 36. viii. Ich weiss nicht was ich suchen könnte, Desire for Christ. Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 147, in 12 st. The translations are: (1) "I know not what I could desire," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 223, and Lyra Mystica, 1864, p. 218. (2) "How could I wish a greater treasure," by Dr. H. Mills, 1845 (1856, p. 72). (3) "I know not one hope left to draw me," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 26. (4) "What better good could e'er befall me," by R. Massie, in the Day of Rest, 1878, p. ill. (5) "I know not what I more should long for," by F. W. Young, in the Christian Monthly, 1880, p. 559. ix. Unter tausend frohen Stunden. Communion with God. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 197, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 132, in 4 st. The translations are: (1) "Of all the golden hours whose light," by Helen Lowe, in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 220. (2) "All my world was struck with storm" (st. ii.), by M. E. Bramston, in the Day of Rest, 1875, p. 55. (3) "Of a thousand hours me meeting," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 11. x. Weinen muss ich, immer weinen. Passiontide. Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 141, in 7 st. Translated as, "Weep I must—-my heart runs over," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 20. xi. Wenige wissen das Geheimniss der Liebe. Holy Communion. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 202, and Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 138, in 2 stanzas. Translated as, "Few understand the mystery of love," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 17. xii. Wenn in bangen, trüben Stunden . In sorrow. Schriften , 1802, pt. ii. p. 153, in 2 st. The translations are: (1) "When in hours of pain and anguish," by Madame L. Davésiés de Pontès, in her Poets and Poetry of Germany, 1858, ii. p. 407. (2) "When in dreary, mournful hours," by Lady John Manners, in her Gems of German Poetry, 1865, p. 14. (3) "When in hours of fear and failing," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 32. xiii. Wer einmal, Mutter dich erblickt. B. V. M. Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 154, in 8 st. Translated as, "Who once hath seen thee, mother fair," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 33. xiv. Wer einsam sitzt in seiner Eanuner. Christ the Consoler. Musenalmanach, 1802, p. 195, and his Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 130, in 9 st. Translated as, "Who in his chamber sitteth lonely," by Dr. G. Macdonald, in Good Words, 1872, p. 234, and his Exotics, 1876, p. 9. xv. Wo bleibst du, Trost der ganzen Welt. Advent . Schriften, 1802, pt. ii. p. 150, in 12 st. Translated as, "Earth's Consolation, why so slow," by Dr. G. Macdonald, 1876, p. 29. Besides the above he had previously published a series of poems entitled "Hymnen an die Nacht" in the Athenæum, a magazine edited by A. W. Schlegel and F. Schlegel, where they appear in vol. iii., pt. ii., pp. 188-204, Berlin, 1800. They are a wonderful picture of the "night" of sorrow into which he was plunged at the death of his betrothed on March 19, 1797. There are five poems "in prose, with interspersed verse, the sixth being in verse. The longer poems in verse-form are:— 1. Das furchtbar zu den frohen Tischen trat. 2. Geboben ist der Stein. 3. Hinüber wall'ich. 4. Hinuntcr in der Erde Schoos. There is a complete translation by Henry Morley in his Dream of the Lilybell, &c, London, 1845. No. 2 has also been translated by Dr. G. Macdonald in his Threefold Cord, 1883, p. 256; and No. 4 by Helen Lowe in her Prophecy of Balaam, 1841, p. 226 (Lyra Mystica, 1864, p. 220). [Rev. James Mearns, M.A.] --John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907) See Novalis, 1772-1801